This principle, known as the equation of conservation, describes how the rate of a substance changes as it flows through a pipe . Essentially, it states that for an incompressible liquid, the quantity flow rate remains unchanged along a streamline . Mathematically, this is expressed as A₁V₁ = A₂

The field of genetic modification utilizes a variety of vectors to introduce modified genetic material into target cells. These vehicles play a vital role in enabling specific gene editing and manipulation. Some common categories of delivery vectors include viral vectors, liposomes, and engineere